Synthesis of Salicylic Acid

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil Abstract The purpose of this prove is to take methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil) and by heating it under reflux with NaOH as a issue, and then engine cooling system the mixture with H2SO4 as another solvent, synthesize salicylic acid. The last-place step involves purify the produce to produce as sublimate a sample of salicylic acid as possible. This process allowed for the triple-crown production of 1. 406g salicylic acid, an 82. 70% yield. The nuclear magnetic resonance and IR both produced images that correlate with the know spectrums indicating a pure product.The melting point rake was just about wider, though did encompass the accepted melting point values. banter Reaction OH O OCH3 2) H2SO4 1) 2NaOH OH O OH 1. 595 ml methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide by heating it under reflux. The sodium ions knock the methyl grouping from the methyl salicylate payable to the greater attraction between the sodium ca tion and the slightly negative charge on the oxygen comp bed to the O-CH3 bond that had previously existed. This reaction produces disodium salicylic acid, methyl hydroxide and water molecules.The sodium crystals that form argon visible as the white particulate matter seen as soon as the two chemicals are mixed. Heating of the substance under reflux increase the reaction rate as did the use of the solvent to increase the frequency of molecules being ripped off the original substance and sucking them into their new molecular formations. At this point the wintergreen smell has dis outed from the mixture indicating a rapid decline in the amount of methyl salicylate present in the reaction. When the sulfuric acid (pH . ) is added to the disodium salicylic acid (pH 5-6), the two sodium atoms are replaced by hydrogen atoms creating salicylic acid and sodium sulfate and lower the pH of the solution to 2. The sodium cations are now to a greater extent attracted to the slightly negative cha rge on the two oxygen anions on the SO42- ions than to the disodium salicylic acid and the hydrogens take their place. The trash bath kept the temperature low enough that the salicylic acid remained solid and the sulfuric acid components liquid, allowing for a final product with the most purity possible.Determining limiting reagent 1. 595 ? 15. 0 ? standard of methyl salicylate used 1 Amount of sodium hydroxide 2. 13 g 1. 174 Theoretical yield Actual yield 1. 406 g portion yield = 1. 873 ? 1. 406 ? 1. 700 Melting point range of purified product 150-162C Mixed melting point range with salicylic acid 153-160C The melting point range of the synthetic salicylic acid includes the textbook value of 159C.Although a greater variance was seen with the synthetic salicylic acid melting point range (range=12C) versus the provided salicylic acid (range=7C), the full range of the provided salicylic acid fell within the range of the synthetic salicylic acid, indicating a relatively pure product. It should be noted that optimally the melting point range should be slightly narrower. Loss of product occurred due to loss at each transfer step including, crystals stuck to the vacuum filter, crystals sticking to the glass influence rod for pH testing as well as the metal spatula used for recrystallization.While washing the crystals, well-nigh loss would also be seen due to the slight solubility of salicylic acid. I R 10 0 = 8 2. 7 0% (138. 1 / ) = 1. 700 (152. 1 / ) 1 = 31. 95 NaOH = 1. 873 ***limiting reagent*** PE A K 1 2 3 4 5 POSITION (cm-1) 748. 245 1204. 33 1654. 62 2850. 27 3235. 00 affixation (MODE) C-H bend (aromatic) C-O stretch C=O stretch O-H stretch (carboxylic) O-H stretch (on phenol) ASSIGNMENT 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 NMR Chemical Shift (ppm) 10. 5 8. 0 7. 5 6. 9 Integration 2 1 1 2 Multiplicity/splitting Singlet Doublet Triplet Triplet Assignment 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 4 2 1 NMR Discussion Assignment 1 The single(a)t peak is dictated at 10. 5 ppm and is assigned to the hydrogens bonded to the two single bonded oxygens. These two can share this single peak because the hydrogens are constantly swapping places with each other due to their position within the molecular structure and if the NMR was magnified, two peaks could be seen.Assignment 2 The peak located at 8. 0 ppm is a doublet peak assigned to the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic family closest to the carboxylic group. It is shifted . 5-. 6 ppm downfield of where hydrogens on a benzene ring would normally appear due to de-shielding by the nearby carboxyl group. Assignment 3 The 7. 5 ppm triplet peak is indicative of the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the phenol group, again due to de-shielding by the nearby phenol group.The extra peak is likely due to the interaction of the O-H bond with the C-H bond. Assignment 4 6. 9 ppm has a triplet peak and is assigned to the two remaining C-H bonds on the aromatic ring. closure The fin al product was created by taking advantage of the electron affinity and nucleophilic properties of the chemicals and especially the solvents to create passage states to allow for a faster, more stable reaction. Heating of the substance under reflux also increased the reaction rate.The melting point range contains the textbook value of salicylic acid and the IR and NMR matches the known IR/NMR for salicylic acid. This supports the purity of the substance created. The absence of the wintergreen scent indicates an absence of the methyl salicylate. afterward completion of this experimental process, 1. 406 g of salicylic acid was created from the initial 1. 595 g methyl salicylate which equates to an 82. 70% yield, a successful result.

Concepts of Developmental Psychology

General interpretation syndrome (GAS) and its stages (think of real-world examples) 8. Lazarus primary and secondary appraisal (think of real-world examples) 9. Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping (think of real-world examples) 1 1 . Type A and Type B behavior pattern 12. Optimism 13. Sexually transmitted diseases CHAPTER 11 STUDY GUIDE (Define,describe all terms) 1. Personality 2. Sigmund Freud and his emphasis on unconscious forces 3. Unconscious, preconscious, conscious 4. d, ego, superego what they are and what principle the operate with 5. Defense mechanisms list and define 6.Psychosocial stages of education (see chart on page. 358) Know how to apply these 7. Alfred Idlers individual psychology . Inferiority complex 9. Conditions of worth 10. Characteristics of self-actualization individuals 11. crude(prenominal) positive regard 12. Trait theories 13. Cardinal and central traits 14. Raymond Chattels source traits 15. Five-factor model 16. Extroversion and introversi on 17. mutual determinism 18. External and internal locus of control Please reproduce the pyramid and label the levels representing Mascots Hierarchy of Needs.The fivesome questions that help determine whether behavior is abnormal 2. Definition of psychological disorder . Cognitive perspective 4. The phratry of disorders that is most prevalent in the U. S. 5. Panic disorder 6. Generalized anxiety disorder 7. Social phobic disorder 8. Obsession 9. Compulsion 10. Major depressive disorder 11. Bipolar disorder 13. Risk factors for suicide 14. Psychosis 15. Schizophrenia 16. prevarication 17. Paranoid schizophrenia 18. Dissociation disorders (remember, this is NOT THE SAME THING as schizophrenia) 19.Dissociation identity disorder 20. unsociable personality disorder (Define,describe all terms) 1. Insight therapy 2. Psychodrama therapy 3. Techniques used in psychoanalysis 4. Carl Rogers, humanism, and person-centered therapy 5. Humanistic therapy 6. Person-centered therapy 7. Types of relationship therapies 8. behavioral therapy 9. Time out 10. Factors that increase the effectiveness of time out 1 1 . Systematic alter 12. Flooding 13. Exposure and response prevention 14. Aversion therapy 15. Participant modeling and Bandannas observational learning possibility 16.

Explain what the what the principles and activities of your business are Essay

The Wycombe territorial dominion Council (WDC) is an brass run by the government that provides a capacious range of facilities in parts the Buckinghamshire County that is needed to arrive at a participation. Public spending e.g. council tax, pole tax, housing rent etc, funds a majority of these values.These bouncy ineluctably for a community that I will be investigating are go much(prenominal) as housing, un remainricted persuadeation and leisure.HOUSINGThe need for housing takes priority over all the dissimilar needs in the community because without housing over half of todays population in Briton would be homeless. Because of this need the Councils objectives in providing this service are* To provide afford commensurate unyielding term housing for identified community needs.* To provide sustainable and self- sufficient communities through housing initiatives.* Ensuring the provision of adequate range of accommodations to meet identified needs of the community.* I i dentifying sites to meet the Structure Plans allocating homes for the hosing needs.* Identifying and acquiring suited sites where necessary for the development of affordable housing.The Wycombe and district council also provides accommodation for the homeless or people in danger of becoming homeless. If such situations were to occur, under the provision act of 1996 the WDC ha s a certificate of indebtedness to help any legal citizen in such situation. However the council is ineligible to give homeless instauration seekers in unanimity with the asylum and immigration act of 1996, but asylum seekers elicit seek advice from all the council or citizen advice bureau or housing association.TRANSPORTION AND TRAVELThe Bucks County Council (BCC) is known to provide the three major shipway to drop dead within and from the Bucks area either by train, bus, or coach. The other mode of public transport that is known as taxi that runs in and round the Wycombe District is under licensed b y the WDC. The Bucks County Council can be overseen as a head office to the Wycombe District Council. However in providing these service the BCC buzz offs are* To ensure all new development helps to minimise the amount of motorised travel.* To increase the proportion of excursions taking place by public transport, on foot and by cycle and making these attractive, safe and world alternatives to the car.* To raise the awareness of the wider impact of travel decisions and the need to change travel habits.* To support and co-ordinate community transport community transport facilities.* To promote road safety.* To ensure adequate transport infrastructure exists to service current and purposed developments.* To improve the management of traffic and parking so as to minimise congestion and journey times.* To reduce to the impact of vehicles on the environment in terms of pollution and congestion.LEISUREThe WDC cracks a wide verity of leisure facilities such as a sports centre that off ers a wide selection of sports facilities that acknowledge* 50m swimming pool,* 25m teaching pool,* Multi-purpose sports hall,* 4 Squash Courts,* Simpsons Dance Studio,* Lifestyles Health and Fitness suite (including sauna and spa),* 6 rink bowls hall,* Bodyzone body building room,* Athletics track,* Synthetic turf pitch,* Crche,* Moonbase* Childrens spongelike play area,* Cafeteria /Bar,* The round house Health and Beauty SalonLEISURE (continued).The other leisure attractions the WDC has to offer are places like the The Swan Theatre, a modern threatre with the capability of seating up to meter people, put in in the Wycombe townsfolk centre, offering a wide verity of professional and amateur pleasure with conference facilities. other attraction that can be found around the High Wycombe are an soppy lake by the Rye mead used for fishing during summer times as well as an receptive air heated swimming pool also used during summer time. The UCI 6-screen cinema thats found a mile and a half from the town, aswel as the Wycombe Museum opened in 1999 where fascinating history and renowned collection of Windsor chairs can be discovered. And many more attraction can be found around the Wycombe district area.In order to recognised the need for these facilities the WDC had set a list objective in order to find out exactly what kind of leisure facilities the public wanted, they were* To identify the leisure needs of all sectors of the community.* Optimising the use of existing leisure provision.* Promoting equality of access to leisure facilities and services for all including where earmark direct provision.* Encouraging self-help, partnership working and community participation in the delivery of leisure opportunities.* Conserving, enhancing and promoting the heritage of the District.* To help achieve wellnessy lifestyles through the Health and Promotion Scheme.Task 2* Give a description of the work of the human resources division. ALso a description of the w ork of three other departments -excluding the guest services departmentTHE HUMAN RESOUCE part.The Human Resources/Personnel department within any memorial tablet is the department that deals with a majority of the follow are internal and external affairs such as recruitment, training, company polices, development within the company, promotions etc.After collecting most information somewhat the human resources department at the WDC, I learned that they deal with a wide range of contrasting topics, which are* Co-operate services* Recruitment* Management of project* Polices and development* Promotion of equal opportunities* Staff management with the trade yoke* Reward and establishmentTRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL DEPARTMENTThe Transportation and Travel department at the Wycombe and District Council is responsible for the provision of public transport service in and around the High Wycombe district, services such as an organised bus service, to meet the needs of ordinary people who needs to needs to travel by public transport on a daily basis, e.g. for people to turn back to work school, work, college, to get to other destinations etc.Other services such trains are operated by a large cultivate network company called Chiltern Railways that run through out the southeastern part of Britton. Another means of public transport is the taxi service which are all licencend by the council to operate under specified rules and regulation.Other services that are dealt with in this department are* Car Parks (multi-storey car parks surface)* hackney carriage Carriages* High Way (non agency)* Street Nameplates* Transport Planning* Footpaths and Bridleways* Footways Lighting* Travel Concessions (for elderly people)COMMMUNITY SAFTYThis department at the council focuses on safety within the community such as the reduction of crime within the community. The briny activities within this department are working together with two the police and the community in an trend to red uce crime and disorder with in the community. Other activities include the monitoring of C.C.TV in and around the town centre. As part of the major plan to reduce crime, the Wycombe District Council has form a large organisation together with members from different organisation called the WYCOMBE SAFTY PARTNERSHIP here is a list of the organisation that forms that partnership* Thames vale Police* National Probation Service (Thames Valley)* Bucks County Council including Youth and Community, Education and Social function* Youth Offending team* Drugs Action Team* Local heath providers* ConneXions* Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescues services* Parish and Town Councils* Voluntary OrganisationsTHE ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENTThis department covers a wide range of different task that affects the environment and the community. To ensure high standards of health and safety within the community is kept to a maximum, the council has to ensure rules and members of the community follow regulations. To enforce health and safety the council has to find a way to control these areas in the communityPollution Pest/ label ControlAtmospheric pollution Control of pest and dogs e.g. dropping faeces inenvironmental monitor a public park etc.Noise controlConsumer Protection Public Health and pencil eraserFood and safety control Public health and safety licensingHealth and safetyPublic Services Waste and CleansingDevelopment control (appeals, applications, Domestic refuse collection? civic amenitiesadvice, and enforcement) cloaca and cesspool emptyingPlanning policy Street sweeping and litter collectionUrban intent and planning Waste reclamationConservationEnvironmental Management Flood Prevention / River maintenanceEnvironmental policy group Flood prevention and river maintenanceBuilding ControlBuilding control.Task3* A translation OF HOW THE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ARE SAFEGUARDED BY LEGISLATIONThe Wycombe District Council has a strong commitment to promoting equal opportunities, both to the community that it serves and the people they employ. Because the council values the communities within the district and its workforce they believe everyone should be inured fairly, irrespective of their race, religion, ethnic background, sex, H.I.V or marital status (e.g. woman, with kids etc) under the equal opportunities law, every member should be treated equally to the highest standards possible.If a service user has a complaint of discrimination against the council they can either take the reception desk or write to the chief officer. All complaints of such kind are dealt with seriously.Task4An explanation of how different functional areas put across with each otherAt the Wycombe District Council there lots of different departments that the members of rung will need to communicate with each other from in order to deliver the service they aim to deliver. The need for internal communication within any organisation weather large or teeny-weeny is absolutely vital for thei r business to keep growing stronger and stronger. At WDC there are lots of different methods used to communicate internally, weather it being a quick message, an informal letter, documents concerning another department about a customer, newsletter or staff notice etc.The methods in which these can be through with(p) are through the internet, e-mailing, fax, telephone, answer machines, portable radio, beeper mobiles etc.The WDC also uses similar ways to communicate with their external contacts for various reasons such as a purchase order a enquires about their services etc, this can be done through face to face conversation, faxing, telephone, e-mailing etc.There are advantages and disadvantages that goes with some of the methods used to communicate e.g. With visual meetings, telephone or face to face conversation, it is more easier to be able to get an instant response or you can also give an impression or translate the other persons body language. And the disadvantages can someti mes be more common than the advantages, methods such as e-mailing which has a time delay where the recipient can take a long time to respond which is the equivalent for faxing, answer machines, beepers and telephone where the person may not be around to receive the callTask5 apologize the organisational structure of the businessThe organisational structure at the Wycombe District Council is set up into various departments in accordance to the service that is involved with the job role. Each department is department is managed and run by different members of the directional board. Below is a list of the different department and details of the services and job role that is undertaken. A copy of the WDCs organisation chart is put on a separate sheet with the rest of this assignment.

Art and Philippine Literature Essay

How the Subject Philippine Literature champion the TIP Graduate Attributes? Many important things can be learned in the study of Philippine literary works. Studying Philippine literature is important because these are reflections of history. Works of art and literature are not separate from history. In fact, these are intricately intertwined along with the contradictions in the society in a disposed(p) point in time. Works of art and literature do not stand by themselves. Writers and artists are not creators who fashion words and works.These texts and pieces of art are products of the political institutions and ideological stance of the writers which are mold by the social conditions. We, students, study literature so that we can better consider our literary heritage. We cannot appreciate something that we do not understand. Through a study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas turn over down to us from our forefathers. Then we can understand ourselves be tter and set about pride in organism a Filipino and future professionals.Like some other races of the world, we need to understand that we puddle a striking and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures. Through such(prenominal) a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them. We will also learn the value of life and how can we interact with other people properly. Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our country.

N Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

N - Assignment ExamplePlanning should focus on the roughly important issues that will determine the success or failure of a hospital.Strategic planning aims at ensuring a hospital can adapt in the ever changing environment. A imagination story has to be developed which describes future objectives of the hospital. The electric charge disputation of the hospital overly has to be reviewed. The mission statement has to specific and a representation of what the hospital will be in future. It also develops guiding principles which proceeding as a base for the strategic planning process. Strategies should be closely linked to the vision and mission of the hospital. This will create certainty in achievement of goals and objectives as there will be no changes which will disrupt the relevance of the strategic plan. Responsibility has to be assigned to relevant stakeholders with a of import focus on the objectives, strategies and goals and the resources required to achieve outlined obj ectives should be determined. This will act as a guide for all the activities. Objectives will be achieved within the specified time frame and this will estimate the hospital towards attainment of its goals and objectives.A strategic plan is defined as a document which contains goals, objectives, vision and mission statement of an organization and how stakeholders would achieve the objects within a specific time period. The plan is employ to identify how available resources within an organization can be utilized to ensure success. A stock plan, on the other hand, is a statement used to evaluate a furrow and future business plans. It demonstrates to other individuals the main activities of the business. Daily operations of a hospital reflect outlined strategic goals and objectives since the hospital and the medical staff is aware of activities that have to be carried out to ensure hospitals success. This is also evident through monitoring as operations are followed up and updated due to the

Compare and Contrast 2 American poets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and Contrast 2 American poets - Essay ExampleMany scholars and poets count on Walt Whitman as one of the most influential American poets who sought to use transcend traditional epics and ban normal aesthetic form to define the nature of the American experience and its democracy. On the other hand, Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was an American poet born in 1886 in America. Notably, the two poets had unique writing styles although they were both American. Many people exact them as the founders of modern American poetry. Indeed, modern poets borrow from their works although the prowess of the two poets stands out.A minute consideration of their works shows numerous differences in terms of writing styles. From the physical inspection, Emily Dickinsons poems are lilliputian and seemingly simple while Walt Whitmans poems are long and seemingly complex to read and understand. The poems, To a stranger by Walt Whitman and the poem, I am alive-I guess by Emily Dickinson confirms this assertion. Indeed, Walt Whitmans poems use extensive descriptions to elongate his ideas. This portrays him as an outgoing, social, and talkative poet. For example in the poem Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, each line and word insinuates a picture in our minds and the poem goes on for a long time (Lehman 131-136). On the other hand, Emily Dickinson uses press and concise words and lines to describe her works. Indeed, we can advance so much meaning from just a few words in her short poems. The short lines and phrases in her works allow the audience to derive their own meaning from her poems. It is thus clear that she uses few words to create different meaning. The poem, Much violence is divinest sense uses the terms Much Madness is divinest sense-to a discerning eye-Much sense-the starkest madness-Tis the majority to derive a deeper and diverse meaning.Nevertheless, although their writing styles are different, the two poets

Social Performance of Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social Performance of Organizations - Essay ExampleHowever, some of the producers refused reservation the De Beer to flood the grocery with products that were similar to those who refused to join it and it afterwards purchased all the products that were produced by the rivals thus controlling the market prices (Edward, 1982). The follow is involved in mining activities in various countries. For example, in Botswana De Beers mine th rambunctious the union referred to as Debswana. In South Africa, De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the mining activities. As far as championship structure is concerned, De Beer has two major shareholdings which include Botswana government owning 15% and Anglo America ships high society that owns 85%. other related companies that are involved in the De Beers diamond value chain include Diamdel, Namdeb, De Beers Canada, Diamond transaction Company South Africa and Namibia Diamond Trading Company. As an international conjunction, De Bee rs can be affected by two main external environment factors. First, the custom duties and quotas imposed by countries may make the company demand for its products to decrease. This is based on the governments policy to lower the importation of foreign products in order to enhance domestic consumption. Secondly, the stiff competition from other companies in the mining industry may result to decrease in the prices of the company products. This may be due to the other companies intention to attend off the companies in the international market.One of the major stakeholders of De Beers Diamond Company is Diamond Trading Company (DTC). DTC main duties include selling and distribution of the company products. By selling approximately 75% of rough diamond in the international market, DTC is able to generate high revenue for De Beers an aspect that has made the company to effectively expand in the international market (Martin, 2007). The second important part of the stakeholders is the emp loyees. With more than 20,000 employees, the company objectives